Parsix GNU/Linux User's Guide

Revision 1.4.0 (Last updated on Jun 26 2008)

Author: Mehdi Hasanpour
Fixes and Additions: Alan Baghumian, Ali Yousefi

This document is based on Ubuntu User's Guide.

Disclaimer

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

General Notes‌

Guide is tested on a full installation of the Parsix GNU/Linux 1.5r0.
If you see black box, means you have to execute the commands in Terminal mode (Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal).
To reduce typo mistakes, copy and paste the commands into Terminal mode (right click on the commands -> "Copy" or "Paste").
If you are tired of typing "apt-get" all the time, Read How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)?
"apt-get" and "wget" requires Internet connection to install/update/download programs.
Commands starting with a $ charachter indicate that need to be typed as a normal user and commands starting with # charachter indicate that need to be typed as root user.
To download file, right click on the link -> Select "Save Link As..." -> Make sure file name and extension are correct.
For any feedbacks, suggestions, discussions and bugs report to the author, please send email to docs AT parsix DOT org.
This page is optimized to be used with the FreeFarsi font. This font comes with Parsix GNU/Linux CD-ROM.

Topics

Getting Started

What's Parsix GNU/Linux?

Parsix GNU/Linux is a live and installation CD based on KANOTIX and Debian. It is a complete GNOME centric desktop oriented distribution. Beside of the dozens supported languages, Parsix GNU/Linux supports Persian keyboard and users can switch to Persian with Alt+Shift keys. You can install and use Parsix GNU/Linux as your PC's operating system. We have also included xFarDic multilingual dictionary and Persian free fonts from FPF project.

Where to view Parsix GNU/Linux screenshots?

http://parsix.org/html/index.php?module=htmlpages&func=display&pid=6

Where to find a list of all the programs/libraries that comes with Parsix GNU/Linux?

Type dpkg -l command or click here.
http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=parsix

Where to download Parsix GNU/Linux?

http://www.sourceforge.net

Where to order Parsix GNU/Linux CDs?

To order Parsix GNU/Linux CDs, contact www.linuxshop.ir or www.sito.ir.

Where to find Parsix GNU/Linux Documentation?

Parsix GNU/Linux documentation ships with its CD-ROM in /usr/share/doc/parsix/ path. You can get the latest versions of this documentation from project's web site.

What's Parsix GNU/Linux's user and root passwords in live mode?

Use "parsix" as user and root password of Parsix GNU/Linux system in live mode.

Where to report Parsix GNU/Linux Bugs?

Reporting Parsix GNU/Linux bugs helps us to make it better. Please report if you see any bug at http://bugs.parsix.org.

Getting Parsix GNU/Linux User's Guide

Where to download this entire Parsix GNU/Linux guide?

Read General Notes.

Type the following command(s):

$ apt-get update
$ apt-get install parsix-doc

Repositories

How to add extra repositories?

Read General Notes.

Type the following command(s):

# cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backup
# vi /etc/apt/sources.list

In sert the following lines:

deb http://ftp.debian-unofficial.org/debian sid main contrib non-free restricted
deb-src http://ftp.debian-unofficial.org/debian sid main contrib non-free restricted

Save the edited file.
Type the following command(s):
```
# apt-get update
```

How to backup/restore downloaded repositories cache?

Read General Notes.

To backup downloaded repositories cache:

# tar zcvf apt.tgz /etc/apt/ /var/lib/apt/ /var/cache/apt/

To restore downloaded repositories cache:
```
# tar zxvf apt.tgz -C /
```

Parsix GNU/Linux Updates

How to manually update Parsix GNU/Linux?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?
Type the following command(s):
```
# apt-get update
# apt-get dist-upgrade
```

Add-On Applications

How to install extra multimedia codecs?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?

Type the following command(s):

# apt-get install gstreamer0.10-plugins
# apt-get install gstreamer0.10-lame
# apt-get install w32codecs
# apt-get install libdivx4linux
# apt-get install lame
# apt-get install sox
# apt-get install ffmpeg
# apt-get install mjpegtools
# apt-get install vorbis-tools

How to install Easy TAG ID3 tag editor?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?
Type the following command(s):
```
# apt-get install easytag
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Run it from Applications -> Sound & Video -> EasyTAG.

How to install Audacity sound editor?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install extra multimedia codecs?
Type the following command(s):
```
# apt-get install audacity
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Run it from Applications -> Sound & Video -> Audacity.

How to install dvd::rip DVD Ripper?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install extra multimedia codecs?

Type the following command(s):

# apt-get install dvdrip
#apt-get install vcdimager
# apt-get install cdrdao
# apt-get install subtitleripper
# vi /usr/share/applications/dvdrip.desktop

In sert the following lines into the new file:

[Desktop Entry]
Name=dvd::rip
Comment=dvd::rip
Exec=dvdrip
Icon=/usr/share/perl5/Video/DVDRip/icon.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;AudioVideo;

Save the edited file (Sample)
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Run it from Applications -> Sound & Video -> dvd::rip.

How to install Goobox CD Ripper?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install extra multimedia codecs?

Type the following command(s):

# apt-get install goobox
# rm -f /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop
# vi /usr/share/applications/goobox.desktop

In sert the following lines into the new file:

[Desktop Entry]
Name=CD Player & Ripper
Comment=Play and extract CDs
Exec=goobox
Icon=goobox.png
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;AudioVideo;

Save the edited file (Sample)
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Run it from Applications -> Sound & Video -> CD Player & Ripper.

How to install Scribus desktop publishing software?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?
Type the following command(s):
```
# apt-get install scribus
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Run it from Applications -> Office -> Scribus.

How to install Dia diagram and flow chart editor?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?
Type the following command(s):
```
# apt-get install dia-gnome
```
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Run it from Applications -> Graphics -> Dia.

How to install Nessus security tool?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?

Type the following command(s):

# apt-get install nessus
# apt-get install nessusd
# nessus-adduser
# ln -fs /etc/init.d/nessusd /etc/rc2.d/S20nessusd
# /etc/init.d/nessusd start
# vi /usr/share/applications/Nessus.desktop

In sert the following lines into the new file:

[Desktop Entry]
Name=Nessus
Comment=Nessus
Exec=nessus
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/nessus.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;

Save the edited file (Sample)
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Run it from Applications -> System Tools -> Nessus.

How to install gDesklets Desktop Applets tool?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?

Type the following command(s):

# apt-get install gdesklets
# apt-get install gdesklets-data

Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Run it from Applications -> Accessories -> gDesklets.

How to install Mozilla Thunderbird mail client?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?
Type the following command(s):
```
# apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird
```
Run it from Applications -> Internet -> thunderbird Mail Client.

How to install Anjuta IDE?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?

Type the following command(s):

# apt-get -t experimental install anjuta

Run it from Applications -> Programming -> Anjuta.

How to install Blender 3D modeller/renderer?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?
Type the following command(s):
```
# apt-get install blender
```
Run it from Applications -> Graphics -> Blender.

How to install Stellarium sky generator?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?

Type the following command(s):

# apt-get install stellarium stellarium-data

How to install KDE desktop environment?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?
Type the following command(s):
```
# apt-get install kde
```
Choose "KDE" in GDM Sessions menu to login into KDE desktop environment.

How to install xFce desktop environment?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?
Type the following command(s):
```
# apt-get install xfce4
```
Choose "xFce" in GDM Sessions menu to login into xFce desktop environment.

How to configure Gaim to work with GoogleTalk service?

http://www.google.com/support/talk/bin/answer.py?answer=24073.

Users Administration

How to set/change/enable root user password?

Read General Notes.
Type the following command(s):
```
# passwd root
```

How to disable root user account?

Read General Notes.
Type the following command(s):
```
# passwd -l root
```

How to allow root user to login into GNOME?

Read General Notes.
Read How to set/change/enable root user password?
Click on System -> Administration -> Login Screen Setup

In Login Screen Setup

Security Tab -> Options -> Allow root to login with GDM (Checked)

How to switch to root user in Console mode?

Read General Notes.
Type the following command(s):
```
# /bin/su
```

How to add/edit/delete system users?

Read General Notes.
Click on System -> Administration -> Users and Groups

In Users and Groups

Users Tab -> Add User.../Properties/Delete

How to add/edit/delete system groups?

Read General Notes.
Click on System -> Administration -> Users and Groups

In Users and Groups

Groups Tab -> Add Group.../Properties/Delete

How to automatic login into GNOME (not secure)?

Read General Notes.
Click on System -> Administration -> Login Screen Setup

In Login Screen Setup

General Tab -> Automatic Login ->
Login a user automatically on first bootup (Checked)
Automatic login username: Select "system_username"

How to change files/folders permissions?

Read General Notes.

Right click on files/folders -> Properties
Permissions Tab -> Read/Write/Execute (Checked the permissions for Owner/Group/Others)

How to change files/folders ownership?

Read General Notes.

Type the following command(s):

# chown -R system_username /location_of_files_or_folders

How to change files/folders group ownership?

Read General Notes.

Type the following command(s):

# chgrp -R system_groupname /location_of_files_or_folders

Hardware

How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?
Type the following commands to install pre-compiled driver packages:

# apt-get update && apt-get install nvidia-kernel-`uname -r`

Edit the /etc/X11/xorg.conf file and remove the following lines:

Load "dri"
Load "GLcore"

Add the following lines:

Load "glx"

In the driver section, change driver name from "nv" to "nvidia":

...
Section "Device"
        Driver "nvidia"
...

Load nVidia kernel driver automatically:

# echo nvidia >> /etc/modules

Reboot the system:

# reboot

How to disable NVIDIA graphics logo on GNOME startup?

Read General Notes.

How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)?

# cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
# vi /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Find these lines:

...
Section "Device"
        Identifier "NVIDIA Corporation NV11 [GeForce2 MX/MX 400]"
        Driver "nvidia"
        BusID "PCI:1:0:0"
...

Add these lines after:
```
 Option "NoLogo"
```
Save the edited file (Sample)
Read How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer?

How to install Graphics Driver (ATI)?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?
Type the following commands to install pre-compiled driver packages:

# apt-get update && apt-get install fglrx-driver fglrx-glx fglrx-control fglrx-kernel-`uname -r`

Edit the /etc/X11/xorg.conf file and in the driver section, change driver name from "ati" or "radeon" to "fglrx":

...
Section "Device"
        Driver "fglrx"
...

Load ATI kernel driver automatically:

# echo fglrx >> /etc/modules

Reboot the system:

# reboot

How to list partition tables?

Read General Notes.
Type the following command(s):
```
# fdisk -l
```

How to list filesystem disk space usage?

Read General Notes.
Type the following command(s):
```
$ df -T -h
```

How to list mounted devices?

Read General Notes.
Type the following command(s):
```
$ mount
```

How to list PCI devices?

Read General Notes.
Type the following command(s):
```
# lspci
```

How to list USB devices?

Read General Notes.
Type the following command(s):
```
# lsusb
```

How to mount/unmount CD/DVD-ROM manually, and show all hidden and associated files/folders?

Read General Notes.

e.g. Assumed that dev/cdrom/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM.

To mount CD/DVD-ROM:
```
# mount /media/cdrom0/ -o unhide
```
To unmount CD/DVD-ROM:
```
# umount /media/cdrom0/
```

How to forcefully unmount CD/DVD-ROM manually?

Read General Notes.

e.g. Assumed that dev/cdrom/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM.

Type the following command(s):
```
# umount /dev/cdrom0 -l
```

How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting?

Read General Notes.
Type the following command(s):
```
# mount -a
```

CD/DVD Burning

How to blank CD-RW/DVD-RW?

Read General Notes.

e.g. Assumed that /dev/cdrom is the location of CD/DVD-ROM .

Type the following command(s):

$ umount /dev/cdrom
$ cdrecord /dev/cdrom blank=fast

How to burn files/folders into CD/DVD?

Read General Notes.
Type following command or type burn:/// in nautilus's location bar:
```
$ nautilus burn:///
```

File Browser: CD/DVD Creator

Drag files/folders into window
File Menu -> Write to Disc... -> Write

How to burn Image (ISO) files into CD/DVD?

Read General Notes.

Right click on Image (ISO) file -> Write to Disc... -> Write

How to duplicate CD/DVD?

Read General Notes.
Read How to create Image (ISO) files from CD/DVD?
Read How to burn Image (ISO) files into CD/DVD?

How to create Image (ISO) files from CD/DVD?

Read General Notes.

e.g. Assumed that dev/cdrom/ is the location of CD/DVD-ROM

Type the following command(s):

$ umount /dev/cdrom
$ dd if=/dev/cdrom of=file.iso bs=1024

How to create Image (ISO) files from folders?

Read General Notes.

Type the following command(s):

$ mkisofs -o file.iso /location_of_folder/

How to generate MD5 checksum files?

Read General Notes.
Type the following command(s):
```
$ md5sum file.iso > file.iso.md5
```

How to check MD5 checksum of files?

Read General Notes.

e.g. Assumed that file.iso and file.iso.md5 are in the same folder.

Type the following command(s):
```
$ md5sum -c file.iso.md5
```

How to mount/unmount Image (ISO) files without burning?

Read General Notes.

To mount Image (ISO) file

# mkdir /media/iso
# modprobe loop
# mount file.iso /media/iso/ -t iso9660 -o loop

To unmount Image (ISO) file
```
# umount /media/iso/
```

How to set/change the burn speed for CD/DVD Burner?

Read General Notes.
Click on Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor

In Configuration Editor

/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> default_speed (set/change the burn speed)

How to enable burnproof for CD/DVD Burner?

Read General Notes.
Click on Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor

In Configuration Editor

/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> burnproof (Checked)

How to enable overburn for CD/DVD? Burner?

Read General Notes.
Click on Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor

In Configuration Editor

/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> overburn (Checked)

Networking

How to activate/deactivate network connections?

Read General Notes.
To activate installed network card(s):
```
# netcardconfig
```
Click on System -> Administration -> Networking

In Network settings

Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> Activate/Deactivate

How to configure network connections?

Read General Notes.
Click on System -> Administration -> Networking

In Network settings

Connections Tab -> Select "Ethernet connection" -> Properties
Connection -> This device is configured (Checked)
Connection Settings -> Configuration: Select "DHCP/Static IP address"
DNS Tab -> DNS Servers -> Add/Delete

Read How to activate/deactivate network connections?

How to configure dialup connections?

Read General Notes.
Click on Applications -> Parsix -> Config Dialup Internet or type:
```
# pppconfig
```
To connect dialup:
```
$ pon provider_name
```
To disconnect dialup:
```
$ poff
```

How to configure broadband connections?

Read General Notes.
Type the following command(s):
```
# pppoeconf
```

How to change computer name?

Read General Notes.
Click on System -> Administration -> Networking

In Network settings

General Tab -> Host Settings -> Hostname: Specify the computer name

Save and close all opened applications, Reboot computer.

How to change computer descriptions?

Read General Notes.

Read How to start Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

# cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
# vi /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line:

...
 server string = %h server (Samba %v)
...

Replace with the following line:

 server string = new_computer_descriptions

Save the edited file (Sample)
```
# testparm
# /etc/init.d/samba restart
```

How to change computer Domain/Workgroup?

Read General Notes.

Read How to start Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

# cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
# vi /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line:
```
...
 workgroup = WORKGROUP
...
```
Replace with the following line:
```
 workgroup = new_domain_or_workgroup
```
Save the edited file (Sample)
```
# testparm
# /etc/init.d/samba restart
```

How to share folders the easy way?

Read General Notes.
Read How to start Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

Nautilus window

Right click on folder -> Share folder
Shared folder -> Share with: Select "SMB"
Share properties -> Name: Specify the share name

How to browse network computers?

Read General Notes.

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly.

Click on Places -> Network Servers

How to access network folders without mounting?

Read General Notes.

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly.
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Shared folder's name: linux

Click on Applications -> Run Application
In Run Application type:
```
smb://192.168.0.1/linux
```

How to mount/unmount network folders manually, and allow all users to read?

Read General Notes.
Read How to start Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly.
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename

To mount network folder:

# mkdir /media/sharename
# mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword

To unmount network folder:
```
# umount /media/sharename/
```

How to mount/unmount network folders manually, and allow all users to read/write?

Read General Notes.
Read How to start Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly.
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename

To mount network folder:

# mkdir /media/sharename
# mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword,dmask=777,fmask=777

To unmount network folder:
```
# umount /media/sharename/
```

How to mount network folders on boot-up, and allow all users to read?

Read General Notes.
Read How to start Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly.
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename

Type the following command(s):

# mkdir /media/sharename
# vi /root/.smbcredentials

Insert the following lines into the new file
```
username=myusername
password=mypassword
```
Save the edited file (Sample)

Type the following command(s):

# chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
# cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
# gedit /etc/fstab

Append the following line at the end of file

//192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename smbfs credentials=/root/.smbcredentials 0 0

Save the edited file (Sample)
Read How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting?

How to mount network folders on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write?

Read General Notes.
Read How to start Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

e.g. Assumed that network connections have been configured properly.
Network computer's IP: 192.168.0.1
Network computer's Username: myusername
Network computer's Password: mypassword
Shared folder's name: linux
Local mount folder: /media/sharename

Type the following command(s):

# mkdir /media/sharename
# gedit /root/.smbcredentials

Insert the following lines into the new file
```
username=myusername
password=mypassword
```

Save the edited file (Sample)

# chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
# cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
# gedit /etc/fstab

Append the following line at the end of file

//192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename smbfs credentials=/root/.smbcredentials,dmask=777,fmask=777 0 0

Save the edited file (Sample)
How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting?

Remote Desktop

How to configure remote desktop (not secure)?

Read General Notes.

Warning! Remote Desktop will only work if there's a GNOME login session
Leaving computer with an unattended GNOME login session is not secure
Use (System -> Lock Screen) and off the monitor when computer is left unattended

Click on System -> Preferences -> Remote Desktop

In Remote Desktop Preferences

Sharing ->
Allow other users to view your desktop (Checked)
Allow other users to control your desktop (Checked)
Security ->
Ask you for confirmation (Un-Checked)
Require the user to enter this password: (Checked)
Password: Specify the password

How to connect into remote Parsix GNU/Linux desktop?

Read General Notes.

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
Remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine: 192.168.0.1

Type the following command(s):
```
$ rdesktop 192.168.0.1:0
```
To quit vncviewer press F8 --> Quit Viewer.

How to connect into remote Parsix GNU/Linux desktop via Windows machine?

Read General Notes.

e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop
Remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine: 192.168.0.1

Download VNC Viewer: here.

Windows

How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (NTFS) manually, and allow all users to read only?

Read General Notes.
Read How to list partition tables?

e.g. Assumed that dev/hda1/ is the location of Windows partition(NTFS).
Local mount folder: /media/windows/.

To mount Windows partition:

# mkdir /media/windows
# mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t ntfs -o utf8,umask=0222

To unmount Windows partition:
```
# umount /media/windows/
```

How to mount/unmount Windows partitions (FAT) manually, and allow all users to read/write?

Read General Notes.
Read How to list partition tables?

e.g. Assumed that dev/hda1/ is the location of Windows partition (FAT).
Local mount folder: /media/windows/.

To mount Windows partition:

# mkdir /media/windows
# mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t vfat -o utf8,umask=0222

To unmount Windows partition:
```
# umount /media/windows/
```

How to mount Windows partitions (NTFS) on boot-up, and allow all users to read only?

Read General Notes.
Read How to list partition tables?

e.g. Assumed that dev/hda1/ is the location of Windows partition.(NTFS)
Local mount folder: /media/windows/.

Type the following command(s):

# mkdir /media/windows
# cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
# gedit /etc/fstab

Append the following line at the end of file

/dev/hda1 /media/windows vfat utf8,umask=0222 0 0

Save the edited file (Sample)
How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting?

How to mount Windows partitions (FAT) on boot-up, and allow all users to read/write?

Read General Notes.
Read How to list partition tables?

e.g. Assumed that dev/hda1/ is the location of Windows partition.(FAT)
Local mount folder: /media/windows/.

Type the following command(s):

# mkdir /media/windows
# cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
# gedit /etc/fstab

Append the following line at the end of file

/dev/hda1 /media/windows vfat utf8,umask=000 0 0

Save the edited file (Sample)
How to remount /etc/fstab without rebooting?

Security

What are the basic things I need to know about securing my Parsix GNU/Linux?

Read General Notes.
Ensure hard drive is first in BIOS boot-up sequence
1. To prevent trespassers from using Linux Installation CD which allows them to gain root user access
2. To prevent trespassers from using Linux Live CD (e.g. UBUNTU/KNOPPIX/MEPIS) which allows them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive
3. To prevent trespassers from installing another Operating System
Ensure a password is set for BIOS
1. To prevent trespassers from changing the BIOS boot-up sequence
Ensure computer is located at a secured place
1. To prevent trespassers from removing computer's hard drive which allows them to destroy/browse/share the entire hard drive from a different computer
2. To prevent trespassers from removing computer's on-board battery which resets the BIOS password
Ensure passwords used on the system cannot be easily guessed
1. To prevent trespassers from cracking password file using brute force attacks (e.g. John the Ripper)
2. Create password with minimum length of 8 characters
3. Create password with mixture of characters/numbers, and upper/lower case
Ensure history listing is disabled in Console mode
1. To prevent trespassers from seeing previously issued commands
2. Read How to disable history listing in Console mode?
Ensure Ctrl+Alt+Del is disabled in Console mode
1. To prevent trespassers from restarting the system without permission in Console mode
Ensure interactive option is set for remove, copy and move of files/folders in Console mode
1. To prevent accidental removal/overwritten of files/folders
2. Read How to enable prompt before removal/overwritten of files/folders in Console mode?
For day to day usage, login as a normal user
1. To prevent accidental deletion/modification of system files/folders
2. Read How to add/edit/delete system users?
Install a firewall
1. A firewall does not guarantee security but it is in most environments the first line of defense against network based attacks
Perform vulnerability test
1. Nessus is a great tool designed to automate the testing and discovery of known security problems
2. Read How to install Vulnerability Scanner (Nessus)?

How to disable history listing in Console mode?

Read General Notes.

Type the following command(s):

$ rm $HOME/.bash_history
$ touch $HOME/.bash_history
$ chmod 000 $HOME/.bash_history

How to enable prompt before removal/overwritten of files/folders in Console mode?

Read General Notes.

Type the following command(s):

# cp /etc/profile /etc/profile_backup
# gedit /etc/profile

Append the following lines at the end of file

alias rm='rm -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'

Save the edited file

Tips & Tricks

How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer?

Read General Notes.

Save and close all opened applications

Press 'Ctrl + Alt + Backspace'

or type:

/etc/init.d/gdm restart

How to run programs on startup when login into GNOME?

Read General Notes.
Click on System -> Preferences -> Sessions
In Sessions
```
Startup Programs Tab -> Add/Edit/Delete
```

How to switch to Console mode in GNOME?

Read General Notes.
To switch to Console mode
```
Press 'Ctrl + Alt + F1' (F2 - F4)
```
To switch back to GNOME mode
```
Press 'Ctrl + Alt + F5'
```

How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Backspace from restarting X in GNOME?

Read General Notes.

Type the following command(s):

# cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
# gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Append the following lines at the end of file:

Section "ServerFlags"
        Option "DontZap" "yes"
EndSection

Save the edited file (Sample)
Read
How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer?

How to enable Ctrl+Alt+Del to open System Monitor in GNOME?

Read General Notes.

Type the following command(s):

$ gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/run_command_9 "<Control><Alt>Delete"
$ gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/keybinding_commands/command_9 "gnome-system-monitor"

How to refresh GNOME desktop?

Read General Notes.
Type the following command(s):
```
$ killall nautilus
```

How to refresh GNOME panel?

Read General Notes.
Type the following command(s):
```
$ killall gnome-panel
```

How to open each folder in the same window in Nautilus?

Read General Notes.
Click on Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor

In Configuration Editor

/ -> apps -> nautilus -> preferences -> always_use_browser (Checked)

How to show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus?

Read General Notes.
Places -> Home Folder
To temporary show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus:
```
Press 'Ctrl + H'
```

To permanently show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus:

Edit Menu -> Preferences
Views Tab -> Default View -> Show hidden and backup files (Checked)

How to change default file type "Open with" program?

Read General Notes.

Then:

Right click on file -> Properties
Open With Tab -> Add
Select "Open with" program
Select "Open with" program (Checked)

How to change preferred email client to Mozilla Thunderbird?

Read General Notes.
Click on System -> Preferences -> Preferred Applications

In Preferred Applications

Mail Reader Tab -> Default Mail Reader -> Command: mozilla-thunderbird %s

How to disable beep sound in Terminal mode?

Read General Notes.
Click on Applications -> System Tools -> Terminal

In Terminal

Edit Menu -> Current Profile...
General Tab -> General -> Terminal bell (Un-Checked)

How to tune up GNU Iceweasel's performance?

Read General Notes.
Click on Applications -> Internet -> Iceweasel Web Browser

In GNU Iceweasel

Address Bar -> about:config
Filter: ->
network.dns.disableIPv6 -> true
network.http.pipelining -> true
network.http.pipelining.maxrequests -> 8
network.http.proxy.pipelining -> true

Restart GNU Iceweasel.

How to disable beep sound for link find function in GNU Iceweasel?

Read General Notes.
Click on Applications -> Internet -> Iceweasel Web Browser

In GNU Iceweasel

Address Bar -> about:config
Filter: -> accessibility.typeaheadfind.enablesound -> false

Restart GNU Iceweasel.

How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)?

Read General Notes.
Click on System -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager
In Synaptic Package Manager
1. To refresh the list of known packages (equivalent to apt-get update)
```
Edit Menu -> Reload Package Information
```
2. To install all possible upgrades (equivalent to apt-get upgrade)
```
Edit Menu -> Mark All Upgrades... -> Default Upgrade
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
```
3. To search for a package (equivalent to apt-cache search package_name)
```
Edit Menu -> Search... Specify the package name
```
4. To install the selected package (equivalent to apt-get install package_name)
```
Select "package_name"
Package Menu -> Mark for Installation
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
```
5. To remove installed package (equivalent to apt-get remove package_name)
```
Select "package_name"
Package Menu -> Mark for Removal
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes
```

How to install/uninstall .deb files?

Read General Notes.
To install .deb file:
```
# dpkg -i package_file.deb
```
To uninstall .deb file
```
# dpkg -r package_name
```

How to convert .rpm files to .deb files?

Read General Notes.
Type the following command(s):
```
# alien package_file.rpm
```

How to rename all files in directory at once?

Read General Notes.

To install "mvb" file name renamer:

$ wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/mvb_1.6.tgz
# tar zxvf mvb_1.6.tgz -C /usr/share/
# chown -R root:root /usr/share/mvb_1.6/

To rename all files in directory at once:
```
mvb NEW_NAME
```

How to manipulate all image files in directory at once?

Read General Notes.

To install bash batch image processing script:

Read How to add extra repositories?

Type the following command(s):

$ wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/bbips.0.3.2.sh
# cp bbips.0.3.2.sh /usr/bin/bbips
# chmod 755 /usr/bin/bbips

To manipulate all image files in directory at once:
```
bbips
```

How to set System-wide Environment Variables?

Read General Notes.

Type the following command(s):

# cp /etc/profile  /etc/profile_backup
# gedit /etc/profile

Append the System-wide environment Variables at the end of file.
Save the edited file

How to save "man" outputs into files?

Read General Notes.
Type the following command(s):
```
$ man command | col -b > file.txt
```

How to hide GRUB menu on boot-up?

Read General Notes.

cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

Find this line:
```
...
#hiddenmenu
...
```
Replace with the following line:
```
hiddenmenu
```
Save the edited file (Sample)

How to change the timeout seconds for GRUB menu on boot-up?

For installed mode

Read General Notes.

cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

Find this line:
```
...
timeout 3
...
```
Replace with the following line:
```
timeout X_seconds
```
Save the edited file (Sample)

How to change default Operating System boot-up for GRUB menu?

Read General Notes.

cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

Find this line:
```
...
default 0
...
```
Replace with the following line:
```
default X_sequence
```
Save the edited file (Sample)

How to temporary skip boot-up services?

Read General Notes.
Press 'Ctrl + C'

How to permanently disable/enable boot-up services?

Read General Notes.
To disable servive:
```
# chmod -x /etc/init.d/service_name
```
To re-enable service:
```
# chmod +x /etc/init.d/service_name
```

How to clean /tmp/ folder contents on shutdown?

Read General Notes.

Type the following command(s):

# cp /etc/init.d/sysklogd /etc/init.d/sysklogd_backup
# gedit /etc/init.d/sysklogd

Find these lines:

...
 stop)
 log_begin_msg "Stopping system log daemon..."
 start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --exec $binpath --pidfile $pidfile
 log_end_msg $?
...

Add the following line below it:
```
 rm -fr /tmp/* /tmp/.??*
```
Save the edited file (Sample)

How to scroll up and down to view previous outputs in Console mode?

Read General Notes.
To scroll up to view previously outputs:
```
Press 'Shift + Page Up'
```
To scroll down to view previously outputs:
```
Press 'Shift + Page Down'
```

How to enable "auto save" feature in gedit and disable creating backup (some_file~) files?

Read General Notes.
Click on Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor

In Configuration Editor

/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> create_backup_copy (UnChecked)
/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> auto_save (Checked)

How to temporary active nautilus location bar?

Read General Notes.
Click on Places -> Home Folder
In Home
```
Ctrl+L
```

How to permanently active nautilus location bar?

Read General Notes.
Click on Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor

In Configuration Editor

/-> apps -> nautilus -> preferences -> always_use_location_entry (Checked)

Samba Server

How to start Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

Read General Notes.
Type the following command(s):
```
# /etc/init.d/samba start
```

How to add/edit/delete network users?

Read General Notes.
Read How to start Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?
To add network user:
1. Read How to add/edit/delete system users?
2. Type the following command(s):
```
# smbpasswd -a system_username
# gedit /etc/samba/smbusers
```
3. Insert the following line into the new file:
```
system_username = "network username"
```
4. Save the edited file (Sample)
To edit network user:
```
# smbpasswd -a system_username
```
To delete network user:
```
# smbpasswd -x system_username
```

How to share home folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes)?

Read General Notes.
Read How to start Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

Type the following command(s):

# cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
# gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line:
```
...
; security = user
...
```

Replace with the following lines:

 security = user
 username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

Save the edited file (Sample)
Read How to add/edit/delete system users?
Type the following command(s):
```
# testparm
# /etc/init.d/samba restart
```

How to share home folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes)?

Read General Notes.
Read How to start Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

Type the following command(s):

# cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
#gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line:
```
...
; security = user
...
```

Replace with the following lines:

 security = user
 username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

Find this line:

...
# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next
# parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.
 writable = no
...

Replace with the following lines:

# By default, the home directories are exported read-only. Change next
# parameter to 'yes' if you want to be able to write to them.
 writable = yes

Save the edited file (Sample)
Read How to add/edit/delete system users?
Type the following command(s):
```
# testparm
# /etc/init.d/samba restart
```

How to share group folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes)?

Read General Notes.
Read How to start Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

Type the following command(s):

# mkdir /home/group
# chmod 777 /home/group/
# cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
# gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line:
```
...
; security = user
...
```

Replace with the following lines:

 security = user
 username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

Append the following lines at the end of file:

[Group]
 comment = Group Folder
 path = /home/group
 public = yes
 writable = no
 valid users = system_username1 system_username2
 create mask = 0700
 directory mask = 0700
 force user = nobody
 force group = nogroup

Save the edited file (Sample)
Read How to add/edit/delete system users?
Type the following command(s):
```
# testparm
# /etc/init.d/samba restart
```

How to share group folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes)?

Read General Notes.
Read How to start Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

Type the following command(s):

# mkdir /home/group
# chmod 777 /home/group/
# cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
# gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line:
```
...
; security = user
...
```

Replace with the following lines:

 security = user
 username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

Append the following lines at the end of file:

[Group]
 comment = Group Folder
 path = /home/group
 public = yes
 writable = yes
 valid users = system_username1 system_username2
 create mask = 0700
 directory mask = 0700
 force user = nobody
 force group = nogroup

Save the edited file (Sample)
Read How to add/edit/delete system users?
Type the following command(s):
```
# testparm
# /etc/init.d/samba restart
```

How to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=Yes)?

Read General Notes.
Read How to start Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

Type the following command(s):

# mkdir /home/public
# chmod 777 /home/public/
# cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
# gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line:
```
...
; security = user
...
```

Replace with the following lines:

 security = user
 username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

Append the following lines at the end of file:

[public]
 comment = Public Folder
 path = /home/public
 public = yes
 writable = no
 create mask = 0777
 directory mask = 0777
 force user = nobody
 force group = nogroup

Save the edited file (Sample)
Read How to add/edit/delete system users?
Type the following command(s):
```
# testparm
# /etc/init.d/samba restart
```

How to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=Yes)?

Read General Notes.
Read How to start Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

Type the following command(s):

# mkdir /home/public
# chmod 777 /home/public/
# cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
#gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line:
```
...
; security = user
...
```

Replace with the following lines:

 security = user
 username map = /etc/samba/smbusers

Append the following lines at the end of file:

[public]
 comment = Public Folder
 path = /home/public
 public = yes
 writable = yes
 create mask = 0777
 directory mask = 0777
 force user = nobody
 force group = nogroup

Save the edited file (Sample)
Read How to add/edit/delete system users?
Type the following command(s):
```
# testparm
# /etc/init.d/samba restart
```

How to share public folders with read only permission (Authentication=No)?

Read General Notes.
Read How to start Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

Type the following command(s):

# mkdir /home/public
# chmod 777 /home/public/
# cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
# gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line:
```
...
; security = user
...
```
Replace with the following lines:
```
 security = share
```

Append the following lines at the end of file:

[public]
 comment = Public Folder
 path = /home/public
 public = yes
 writable = no
 create mask = 0777
 directory mask = 0777
 force user = nobody
 force group = nogroup

Save the edited file (Sample)
```
# testparm
# /etc/init.d/samba restart
```

How to share public folders with read/write permissions (Authentication=No)?

Read General Notes.

Read How to start Samba Server for files/folders sharing service?

# mkdir /home/public
# chmod 777 /home/public/
# cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
# gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

Find this line:
```
...
; security = user
...
```
Replace with the following lines:
```
 security = share
```

Append the following lines at the end of file:

[public]
 comment = Public Folder
 path = /home/public
 public = yes
 writable = yes
 create mask = 0777
 directory mask = 0777
 force user = nobody
 force group = nogroup

Save the edited file (Sample)
Type the following command(s):
```
# testparm
# /etc/init.d/samba restart
```

SSH Server

How to SSH into remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine?

Read General Notes.

e.g. Assumed that remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine have installed SSH Server service
Read How to install SSH Server for remote administration service?
Remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine: 192.168.0.1

Type the following command(s):
```
$ ssh username@192.168.0.1
```

How to copy files/folders from remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine into local machine (scp)?

Read General Notes.

e.g. Assumed that remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine have installed SSH Server service
Read How to install SSH Server for remote administration service?
Remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt
Local machine save location: . (current directory)

Type the following command(s):

$ scp -r username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .

How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine (scp)?

Read General Notes.

e.g. Assumed that remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine have installed SSH Server service
Read How to install SSH Server for remote administration service?
Remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine: 192.168.0.1
emote Parsix GNU/Linux machine save location: /home/username/

Type the following command(s):

$ scp -r localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/

How to copy files/folders from remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine into local machine (rsync)?

Read General Notes.

e.g. Assumed that remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine have installed SSH Server service
Read How to install SSH Server for remote administration service?
Remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine: 192.168.0.1
Remote files/folders location: /home/username/remotefile.txt
Local machine save location: . (current directory)

Type the following command(s):

$ rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/remotefile.txt .

How to copy files/folders from local machine into remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine (rsync)?

Read General Notes.

Type the following command(s):

$ rsync -v -u -a --delete --rsh=ssh --stats localfile.txt username@192.168.0.1:/home/username/

How to SSH into remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine via Windows machine?

Read General Notes.

e.g. Assumed that remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine have installed SSH Server service
Read How to SSH into remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine?

Download PuTTY: here.

How to copy files/folders from/into remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine via Windows machine?

Read General Notes.

e.g. Assumed that remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine have installed SSH Server service
Read How to SSH into remote Parsix GNU/Linux machine?

Download WinSCP: here.

DHCP Server

How to install DHCP Server for automatic IP addresses assignment?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?

Assumed that "eth0" is the interface for network card
IP Address Range: 192.168.0.100 to 192.168.0.200
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
DNS Servers: 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5
Domains: tm.net.my
Gateway Address: 192.168.0.1

Type the following command(s):

# apt-get install dhcp3-server
# cp /etc/default/dhcp3-server /etc/default/dhcp3-server_backup
#gedit /etc/default/dhcp3-server

Find this line:
```
...
INTERFACES=""
```
Replace with the following lines:
```
INTERFACES="eth0"
```
Save the edited file (Sample)

Type the following command(s):

# cp /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf_backup
# gedit /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf

Find this line:

...
# option definitions common to all supported networks...
option domain-name "example.org";
option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;
default-lease-time 600;
max-lease-time 7200;
...

Replace with the following lines:

# option definitions common to all supported networks...
#option domain-name "example.org";
#option domain-name-servers ns1.example.org, ns2.example.org;
#default-lease-time 600;
#max-lease-time 7200;

Find this line:

...
# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
#subnet 10.5.5.0 netmask 255.255.255.224 {
# range 10.5.5.26 10.5.5.30;
# option domain-name-servers ns1.internal.example.org;
# option domain-name "internal.example.org";
# option routers 10.5.5.1;
# option broadcast-address 10.5.5.31;
# default-lease-time 600;
# max-lease-time 7200;
#}
...

Replace with the following lines:

# A slightly different configuration for an internal subnet.
subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
 range 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.200;
 option domain-name-servers 202.188.0.133, 202.188.1.5;
 option domain-name "tm.net.my";
 option routers 192.168.0.1;
 option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255;
 default-lease-time 600;
 max-lease-time 7200;
}

Save the edited file (Sample)
Type the following command(s):
```
# /etc/init.d/dhcp3-server restart
```

Database Server

How to install MYSQL Database Server?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?

Type the following command(s):

# apt-get install mysql-server
# mysqladmin -u root password db_user_password

How to install MYSQL Control Center?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install MYSQL Database Server?

Type the following command(s):

# apt-get install mysqlcc
# gedit /usr/share/applications/MySQLCC.desktop

Insert the following lines into the new file:

[Desktop Entry]
Name=MySQLCC
Comment=MySQLCC
Exec=mysqlcc
Icon=/usr/share/pixmaps/mysqlcc.xpm
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;

Save the edited file (Sample)
Read How to refresh GNOME panel?
Click onApplications -> System Tools -> MySQLCC

Apache HTTP Server

How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?

Type the following command(s):

# apt-get install apache2 or apt-get install apache

Type in GNU Iceweasel location bar: http://localhost

How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?

Read How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service?

# apt-get install php4 or apt-get install php5
# gedit /var/www/testphp.php

Insert the following lines into the new file:
```
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
```
Save the edited file (Sample)
Type in GNU Iceweasel location bar: http://localhost/testphp.php

How to install MYSQL for Apache HTTP Server?

Read General Notes.
Read How to add extra repositories?
Read How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service?
Read How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server?

Read How to install MYSQL Database Server?

# apt-get install libapache2-mod-auth-mysql or apt-get install libapache-mod-auth-mysql
# apt-get install php4-mysql or apt-get install php5-mysql
# /etc/init.d/apache2 restart or apachectl restart

How to map URLs to folders outside /var/www/?

Read General Notes.
Read How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service?

Type the following command(s):

# gedit /etc/apache2/conf.d/alias or gedit /etc/apache/httpd.conf

Insert the following lines into the new file:

Alias /URL-path /location_of_folder/
<directory /location_of_folder/>
 Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
 AllowOverride All
 Order allow,deny
 Allow from all
</directory>

Save the edited file (Sample)
```
# /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
```
Type in GNU Iceweasel location bar: http://localhost/URL-path

How to change the default port number for Apache HTTP Server?

Read General Notes.
Read How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service?
```
.g. Assumed that new port number is 78.
```

Type the following command(s):

# cp /etc/apache2/ports.conf /etc/apache2/ports.conf_backup
# gedit /etc/apache2/ports.conf

Find this line:
```
Listen 80
```
Replace with the following lines:
```
Listen 78
```
Save the edited file (Sample)
Type the following command(s):
```
# /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
```
Type in GNU Iceweasel location bar: http://localhost:78

How to parse RSS into PHP for Apache HTTP Server?

Read General Notes.
Read How to install Apache HTTP Server for HTTP (Web) Server service?
Read How to install PHP for Apache HTTP Server?

e.g. Assumed that RSS is DistroWatch.com - News.

Type the following command(s):

$ wget -c http://frankandjacq.com/ubuntuguide/magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz
# mkdir /var/www/feeds
# tar zxvf magpierss-0.71.1.tar.gz -C /var/www/feeds/
# mv /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/* /var/www/feeds/
# rm -fr /var/www/feeds/magpierss-0.71.1/
# chown -R www-data:root /var/www/feeds/
# gedit /var/www/feeds/index.php

In sert the following lines into the new file:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<head>
<title>DistroWatch.com - News</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"/>
<style type="text/css">
/*<![CDATA[*/
/* 
DEFAULT TAG STYLES
*/
body {
 background: #ffffff;
 margin-left: 20px;
 font-family: bitstream vera sans,sans-serif;
 font-size: 9pt;
}
h1 {
 font-family: luxi sans,sans-serif;
 font-size: 15pt;
}
/*]]>*/
</style>
</head>
<body>
<?php
Require_once 'rss_fetch.inc';
error_reporting(E_ERROR);
$url = 'http://distrowatch.com/news/dw.xml';
$rss = fetch_rss($url);
if ($rss) {
 echo "<h1>";
 echo "<a href=$url>", $rss->channel[title], "</a><br/>";
 echo "</h1>";
 foreach ($rss->items as $item ) {
 $url = $item[link];
 $title = $item[title];
 $description = $item[description];
 echo "<li>";
 echo "<b>Topic:</b> <a href=$url><b><u>$title</u></b></a><br/><br/>";
 echo "$description<br/><br/>";
 echo "</li>";
 }
}
else {
 echo "<a href=$url>", $url, "</a> - Server Down!<br/>";
}
?>
</body>
</html>

Save the edited file (Sample)
Type in GNU Iceweasel location bar: http://localhost/feeds/index.php

Troubleshooting

Configuring network interfaces... (taking too long to load)

Read General Notes.
Read How to temporary skip boot-up services?

How to forcefully empty Trash in GNOME?

Read General Notes.
Type the following command(s):
```
# rm -fr $HOME/.Trash/
```